Sunday, December 29, 2019

Self Identification Impact On Trait Anxiety, Social...

Biracial Self-Identification: Impact on Trait anxiety, social anxiety and depression is a journal article that discusses the causes of social anxiety and depression amongst biracial individuals. This scientific study was designed to determine if the ethnicity that biracial individuals chose to identify themselves as impacted their psychological test scores. This study was also designed to observe if the pressure from other individuals of which race is accepted upon a biracial person causes high or low test scores on the psychological test. This article discusses the different affects that being pressured to choose an identity has on a biracial individual. The scientific study within this article consisted of many different surveys giving to random biracial individuals to determine if the ethnicity that they chose to identify themselves as had a high or low impact on their decision making. Sixty one people participated in this study on a basis of determining trait anxiety, social pressure and social anxiety scores. The ethnicities used to conduct this study were biracial males and females who were both African American and European American. There were two different populations used to conduct this study. The first groups of participants were college students who attended The University of Georgia, American University and Howard University. The second group of participants consisted of individuals within the community. The method that was used to conduct this studyShow MoreRelatedEssay On Cam1470 Words   |  6 Pagesthus allowing a future of more targeted approaches to multi-mood-disorder identification. 3. Research Strategy a. Significance A recent global analyses by the World Health Organization finds almost 20% of humanity (1.52 billion) will experience clinical-level depression during their lifetime, and one-half of those diagnosed with depression are also by diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (760 million). For Example, Depression is a common mood-disorder (over 300 million; globally), the leading causeRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussing the origins of CBT. Beck (1970) contends that individual perceptions of events shape feelings and behaviors. This theory places emphasis on the concept of automatic thoughts. Automatic thoughts are linked to the client’s core beliefs about self and worldview. When a client’s automatic thoughts are maladaptive, it can often be traced to irrational core beliefs; this in turn elicits emotional and behavioral difficulty. In other words, this phenomenon describes what Beck termed â€Å"cognitive distortions†Read MoreBeliefs, Measures, and Approaches to Psychological Problems of Depression, Negative Thinking, and Loneliness3280 Words   |  13 PagesPsychological Problems of Depression, Negative Thinking, Loneliness Name Institution Instructors Name Course Date Psychological Problems There is evidence that personal beliefs influence the efficacy of common psychological problems cures. Personal perception and will power over common problems like depression, sexual dysfunction, smoking, insomnia, and gambling among others is believed necessary in the ability of an individual to overcome these problems. This social psychology approach isRead MoreCyber Bully And What Do Cyber Bullies Look For A Target?1457 Words   |  6 Pagesto determine predictors of this behavior will facilitate the development of preventions and interventions. ( Impact on Health and Development Cyber bullying can lead to different psychological issues with adolescents. These issues include loneliness, low self-esteem, and social anxiety. In extreme situations it has even caused children to suffer from suicidal ideations and severe depression. Cyber bullying also coincides with poor academic achievement. Many students who suffer from cyber bullyingRead MoreCongenital Heart Disease ( Chd )3504 Words   |  15 PagesCHD are greater than $5.6 billion dollars a year, with an average hospitalization costing more than $25,000 (Simeone et al., 2014). Children with CHD have been noted to have increased rates of mental health comorbidities, which include depression and anxiety. Depression and mood disorders in this population have been positively correlated with lower physical and psychosocial quality of life (QOL) (Drakouli et al., 2015). QOL has been noted to be significantly impaired in children and adults with CHDRead MoreA Research Study On Mental Disorders1754 Words   |  8 Pagesfor many people who suffer from it the depression and anxiety is so overwhelming that they may need a gender reassignment surgery to feel a real sense of identity. A continued hormonal therapy together with surgery can offer an important solution for these individuals, minimizing tension between their sense of gender and their biology. In this research Paper I am going to be talking about this important, even ethical, topic. Mainly about what is its impact in people who suffer from it, its signsRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy For Substance Abuse1574 Words   |  7 Pagescontingency management, pharmacotherapy, psychoeducational therapy, coping and social skills training, and relapse prevention. Cognitive-behavioral therapy considers substance use disorders as a complex multi-determined problem with a number of influences playing a role in the development or perpetuation of the disorder (Marlatt and Donovan, 2005). Some risk factors that may influence drug abuse are: personality traits such as impulsivity or reward seeking; genetics or family history; feeling lonely;Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1649 Words   |  7 Pagesincludes CNS abnormalities in the areas of cognition, self-regulation, and adaptive functioning. Green (2007) emphasized that FASDs cognitive and behavioral effects can and do develop separately from the physical facial characteristics. Overall, children and adults with FASDs are faceing a lifelong challenge ofwith lifelong, negative effects of the brain and CNS damage. As a result, children with FASD can have a wide range of physical, cognitive, social, mental, and behavioral effects† (Caley et al.Read MoreMusic : Music And The Brain1928 Words   |  8 PagesEvery person has their own taste in music. What defines an individual’s dislikes and likes in music are often overlooked. Musical preference has been proven to be connected to parts of the brain that are linked to age, personality and cultural identification as concluded from scientific experiments. Events in our lives affect regions in our mind that correlate to our perception of different sounds. Understanding how song preference affects the mind can help increase the use of musical therapy as medicalRead MoreThe Self Objectification Theory Of Women4667 Words   |  19 PagesSelf-objectification Theory Objectification occurs when a person’s body is evaluated as a separate entity with a blatant disregard to the human who occupies it. When objectification occurs it dehumanizes the individual and turns them into an object that is to be used for someone else’s pleasure. Women in westernized cultures are particularly subject to this type of treatment and the detrimental effects it can cause (Harper Tiggemann, 2008). Often as a result, objectification is turned inward

Saturday, December 21, 2019

A Report On Capital Punishment - 3250 Words

Letter of Transmittal 119 NE Conifer Blvd. Corvallis, OR 97330 November 23, 2014 Karelia Stetz-Waters Technical Writing Instructor Linn-Benton Community College 6500 Pacific Blvd, SW Albany, OR 97321 Dear Ms. Stetz-Waters: Enclosed is my report on â€Å"Capital Punishment†. This report begins with a brief background of the history of capital punishment and an overview of what capital punishment is defined as. The next section will begin to explain the problems that come with using this method for criminals. The report will look at four different aspects, cost efficiency, possibility of error, frequent discrimination, and its inefficiency in deterring crime rates. Many states have already abolished the death penalty due to its†¦show more content†¦Professor Karelia Stetz-Waters Technical Writing 227 Linn Benton Community College Samantha Strader November 23, 2014 Table of Contents Letter of Transmittal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....1 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .4 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. .5 †¢ What is Capital Punishment? †¢ History Costs of Capital Punishment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 6 †¢ Figure 1- Cost Study Human Error†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 †¢ Error cases Discrimination†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7- 9 †¢ Interracial Murders o Figure 2 †¢ Racial Bias in Criminal Justice System †¢ Poor vs. Wealthy Crime Deterrence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦ 9- 10 †¢ John J. Donohue Study †¢ Figure 3- Crime Rate Comparison Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Abstract Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the legally authorized killing of a person as punishment for a crime (â€Å"Capital Punishment†, N. Pag.). Capital punishment has been proved ineffective over and over but still is a very favored method for punishment in some places. I believe that by eliminating this method, it could have very beneficial effects on the crime rate as well as reducing costs and discrimination. After extensive research there is a great amount of data representing all the negative aspects of using capital punishment. Most people

Friday, December 13, 2019

Mutual Funds Free Essays

string(56) " and Jensen Alpha are among the few distinguished ones\." INVESTIGATING MUTUAL FUNDS IN GHANA: IT’S RISK, RETURN AND PERFORMANCE ABSTRACT Over the years, investors have been attracted to mutual funds. This study seeks to do an-depth analysis of the Ghanaian mutual fund industry between the years 2006 and 2010. An exhaustive literature review on mutual funds and portfolio diversification will be conducted. We will write a custom essay sample on Mutual Funds or any similar topic only for you Order Now An assessment of the performance of mutual funds will be done using the Sharpe and Sortino ratios as well as the Jensen Alpha. Comparisons will be made with analogous indices to determine the attractiveness of the industry. The investment strategy of fund managers will also be analysed and recommendations made. This paper will provide investors with a broad overview of the Ghanaian mutual fund industry, its inherent risks and returns. INTRODUCTION The potential conflict between mutual fund companies and the people who invest in them is a classic example of an agency problem. Consumers would like the fund in which they invest to use its judgment to maximize risk-adjusted expected returns (Chevalier and Ellison, 1997). Measuring the performance, risk and returns of mutual funds thus becomes imperative as rational investors need such information to make investment decisions. According to an article published by All Africa on the 8th of November, 2010, figures released by Ghana’s statistical service indicated that the country’s economy stood at GH? 44 billion, 60% more than estimated earlier. Per this figure, the country was deemed to have attained middle income status. Ghana recorded at the time, the largest Per Capita Income in West Africa and ranked 21st in the continent. The Ghanaian economy’s steady growth has attracted both domestic and international investors. Among the many investment opportunities in the country available to investors is the attractive mutual fund industry which provides numerous benefits to its investors. According to the Securities and Exchange Commission, the number of mutual fund companies increased from 7 in the year 2008 to 9 in 2009. The total Net Asset Value of funds under management by mutual funds companies was GH? 95,817,222. 27 in 2009 while total fund mobilization stood at GH? 40,433,682. 0. A summary of the performance of the mutual fund industry in 2009 is shown in tables 1 and 2 in the appendix. This information provides several points of interest as to how the Ghanaian mutual fund industry has performed over the years and more importantly how it compares to other analogous mutual funds in the continent and elsewhere. This has informed the choice of enquiry and the need for research in the proposed area. M easuring the performance, risk and returns of mutual funds in the Ghanaian financial market has implications for a host of stakeholders. AIMS AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The general objective of this research is to assess the risks and returns associated with investing in mutual funds in Ghana. The study also aims to draw a comparison between the performance of the Ghanaian mutual funds industry and similar financial markets. To achieve the general objectives, the following specific objectives have been formulated to guide in data collection and analysis. 1. To identify what makes mutual funds attractive to investors in Ghana 2. To identify the types of mutual funds available to Ghanaian investors 3. To measure the performance of mutual funds between 2006 and 2010 4. To compare Ghanaian mutual funds performance with similar market indices 5. To make recommendations to improve the management of mutual funds LITERATURE REVIEW According to Haslem, 2009, investing in Mutual funds has with many advantages. A primary advantage is the professional management of investors’ money. Investors purchase funds because they do not have the time or the expertise to manage their own portfolio. Secondly, by owning shares in a mutual fund instead of owning individual stocks or bonds, an investor’s risk is spread out. The idea behind diversification is to invest in a large number of assets so that a loss in any particular investment is minimized by gains in others. Again, if you buy only one security at a time, the transaction fees will be relatively large. Mutual funds are able to take advantage of their buying and selling size and thereby reduce transaction costs for investors. Finally, mutual funds boost liquidity as an investor can also sell his shares at any time. International mutual funds are key contributors to the globalization of financial markets and one of the main sources of capital flows to emerging economies. Despite their importance in emerging markets, little is known about their investment allocation and strategies (Kaminsky et al. , 2001). Fund managers however have numerous strategies for stock selection, identifying underappreciated or cheap securities, seeking growth potential and following past price trends (Chan et al. , 2002). According to them, most mutual funds adopt investment styles that cluster around a broad market benchmark. Few funds take extreme positions away from the index, but those who do are more likely to favor growth stocks and past winners. Licensing requirements for operating a mutual fund in Ghana A Mutual Fund Company must be incorporated under the Companies Code 1963 (Act 197) as a public limited liability company with the sole aim of holding and managing portfolio of securities and other financial assets. An application is then made by the company to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a license to operate the fund. Company regulation, Management agreement, Custodial agreement and a Prospectus are required by the commission for review before a license is issued (SEC, 2011). These stringent requirements help ensure a robust industry with compliant firms. Measuring mutual funds performance Considerable progress has been made in three closely related areas – the theory of portfolio selection, the theory of the pricing of capital assets under conditions of risk and the behavior of stock-market prices. Results obtained in all three areas are relevant for evaluating mutual fund performance (Sharpe, 1966). A number of measures have been used over the years for measuring the performance of mutual funds. The Sharpe ratio, Sortino ratio and Jensen Alpha are among the few distinguished ones. You read "Mutual Funds" in category "Papers" METHODS OF ANALYSING DATA Data to be analysed will be gathered from company websites. There are a few methodologies that I intend to use for the purposes of analyzing data collected. These will measure the performance of Ghanaian mutual funds, asses its risk, volatility and return. * Sharpe Ratio This is a ratio developed by William F. Sharpe, a Nobel laureate, for the measuring of risk-adjusted performance in 1966. It measures the amount of excess return per unit of volatility provided by a fund. It is calculated by divided the excess return of a fund by its volatility. Algebraically, we have: Sharpe Ratiop All numbers are expressed usually expressed on an annual basis, so the Sharpe ratio itself is expressed on an annual basis. The interpretation of the Sharpe ratio is straightforward: the higher the ratio the better. A high ratio means that the fund delivered a high return for its level of volatility. In contrast, a ratio of 1. 0 indicates a return on investment that is proportional to the risk taken in achieving that return. A Sharpe ratio of less than 1. 0 shows a return on investment lower than the risk taken (Lhabitant, 2006). This ratio is appropriate for measuring the performance of mutual funds in Ghana for the purposes of the study. Sortino Ratio This ratio was developed by Frank Sortino. It is an extension of the idea behind the Sharpe ratio that calls for attention to an investor’s return target or minimal accepted return (MAR). The ratio uses target semi deviation in the denominator instead of the standard deviation. This is particularly useful when the return target is of importance to the investor (Christopherson et al. , 2009). * Jensen Alpha The average return on a portfolio over and above that predicted by the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), given the portfolio’s beta and the average market return. Developed by Michael C. Jensen, this measure of a portfolio’s alpha value is the most widely used measure of the risk to return trade-off. It is also known as the abnormal return or the risk adjusted excess return (Russell, 2011). The skewness and kurtosis of the distribution of the data will also be analysed and discussed whiles comparing risk and return. RESEARCH STRATEGY, TIME SCALES AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS This research will involve the gathering and analysis of quantitative data available to the public. Literature on existing research in mutual funds assessment will be discussed. Other electronic sources of information such as online journals, articles, eBooks and databases will be accessed. Business reports and articles published in Ghanaian newspapers and journals such as the Securities and Exchange Commission Reports will also be consulted. The risk and return of a sample of mutual funds in Ghana will be calculated and discussed. A comparison will then be made with a benchmark performance in a market that has macroeconomic conditions similar to Ghana. This is justified as it enables logical submissions to be made from the comparisons. The use of financial markets indices will be employed. Conclusions will be drawn and recommendations made on how fund managers can heighten the performance of mutual funds in Ghana. Any lapses in the Ghanaian mutual funds industry will be pointed out. There will be no questionnaires involved or the gathering of primary data for the purposes of this study. Microsoft Excel and SPSS are the software packages that will be used to analyse data. No costs will be incurred for their usage as they are already in my possession. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Secondary data has the limitation of not being effective in predicting the future. Time constraints may also be faced as a number of mutual funds will have to be analysed individually and compared with other indices. The later limitation will however be overcome by effective time management and committing to the developed Gantt chart. RESEARCH ETHICS In the conduct of this research, the highest ethical standards will be observed. The issue of confidentiality of information will not arise as all data to be analysed in the research is already available to the public. The sources of information will be duly referenced and acknowledged. My independence from the organisations under study will ensure accountability and objectivity of the research. Recognized and accepted methods of analyzing data will also be used to avoid fabrication and falsification. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will fill the gap of knowledge about the performance of Ghanaian mutual funds. Fund managers as well as investors will benefit from the study and its recommendations. The study is significant as Ghanaian investors are increasingly being attracted to the mutual funds industry and its ability to effectively diversify their risk. GANTT CHART Week 1 25/09 | Week 2 2/10| Week 3 9/10| Week 4 16/10| Week 5 23/10| Week 6 30/10| Week 7 6/11| Week 8 13/11| Week 9 20/11| TOPIC AGREED| | | | | | | | | | AIMS OBJECTIVES| | | | | | | | | | OPENING SECTIONS| | | | | | | | | | DRAFT OUTLINE| | | | | | | | | | LITERATURE REVIEW| | | | | | | | | | METHOD/ APPROACH| | | | | | | | | | ANALYSIS/ RESULTS| | | | | | | | | | DISCUSSIONS/ CONCLUSIONS| | | | | | | | | | REFERENCE/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT| | | | | | | | | | BINDING| | | | | | | | | | SUBMISSION TO FACULTY| | | | | | | | | | REFERENCES 1. All Africa. Ghana: Nation Attains Middle Income Status. Online]. Retrieved from: http://allafrica. com/stories/201011081261. html (accessed 30 August, 2011) 2. Chan, L. K. C. , Chen, H-L. and Lakonishok, J. , On Mutual Fund Investment Styles. The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 15, No. 5 (Winter, 2002), pp. 1407-1437. 3. Chevalier, J. and Ellison, G. , Risk Taking by Mutual Funds as a Response to Incentives. The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 105, No. 6. (Dec. , 1997) pp. 1167 – 1200. 4. Christopherson, J. A. , Carino D. R. and Ferson, W. E. , Portfolio Performance Measurement and Benchmarking. McGraw-Hill (2009), USA. 5. Haslem, J. A. Mutual Funds: Portfolio Structures, Analysis, Management, and Stewardship. John Wiley and Sons (2009), New Jersey. 6. Kaminsky, G. L. , Lyons, R. K. and Schmukler, S. L. , Mutual Fund Investment in Emerging Markets: An Overview. The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2001), pp. 315-340 7. Lhabitant, F-S. , Handbook of Hedge Funds. John Wiley and Sons(2006), London 8. Russell. Jensen Alpha. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www. russell. com/us/glossary/analytics/jensen_alpha. htm (accessed 20 July, 2011) 9. Securities and Exchange Commission Ghana. What are Mutual Funds? Online]. Retrieved from: http://ww. secghana. org/investor/display_mutualfunds. php (accessed 20 July, 2011) 10. Securities and Exchange Commission (2009) Annual Report, Accra Ghana. 11. Sharpe, W. F. , Mutual Fund Performance. The Journal of Business, Vol. 39, No. 1, Part 2: Supplement on Security Prices. (Jan. , 1996). Pp. 119- 138 APPENDIX TABLE 1. 0 NET ASSET VALUE OF MUTUAL FUNDS IN GHANA (2009) Source: Securities and Exchange Commission Report (2009) TABLE 2. 0 FUNDS MOBILISED BY GHANAIAN MUTUAL FUNDS (2008 AND 2009) Source: Securities and Exchange Commission Report (2009) How to cite Mutual Funds, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Hemp Rediscovered Essay Research Paper Hemp RediscoveredMake free essay sample

Hemp Rediscovered Essay, Research Paper Hemp Rediscovered ? Make the most of the hemp seed and seed it every where, ? a quotation mark by George Washington in 1794 ( qtd. In? Get the Scoop? ) . In early American history hemp was an indispensable harvest, it was used to do rope, canvass, lamp oil, and about anything else. Henry Ford built a auto out of hemp that ran on hemp fuel and oil. The original Levi denims were fashioned out of hemp fibres. And even the first bill of exchange of the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution were written on hemp paper ( ? Get The Scoop? ) . In fact, hemp was one of the largest produced harvests in the US until it? s death in 1937 under the Marihuana Tax Act. This act of Congress was aimed at Americas newest enemy, marihuana or hemp sativa C, but the measure besides criminalized the cultivation of marihuana? s cousin hemp sativa L, normally referred to as hemp. Hemp had one more twenty-four hours in the topographic point visible radiation in 1942 when it was called into conflict in World War II under a flag that read? Hemp for triumph? ( ? About? ) . The Tax Act was rapidly reenacted after the war and hemp has non been grown lawfully on American dirt since. The ground hemp is such a valuable works, is that it grows fast, dense, and easy. The sprouting period for hemp is about one hundred yearss depending on the application for which it is being used ( ? About? ) . In comparing with other hard currency harvests this is good, but in comparing with some of the resources it can replace, such as trees and dodo fuel, there is nil better. Hemp provides a much higher output than other American hard currency harvests, and can be used for so many things that it? s market value should stay stable with increased production. Besides, hemp can be grown without pesticides and it really replenishes the dirt so it can be rotated with other harvests to bring forth higher outputs of both ( Field 1 ) . The maintainability of the hemp industry relies on demand, but with hemp? s 25,000 different utilizations this is no great barrier ( ? About? ) . With current treating engineering every portion of the hemp sativa L works is utile. The seeds can be hulled and used in nutrient for spirit and as a protein addendum. These seeds can besides be crushed into hemp-seed oil which is used as lamp oil or as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics and soaps. The foliages are used in aromas and pulverizations, and the chaffs are processed for fibre merchandises ( ? Hemp Knowledge? ) . Fiber strands processed from the chaff can be made into anything from fabrics to lasso or even silk. The saltiness of the stuff is dependent on the age and denseness of the harvest ( ? Endless? ) . The remnant chaff fragments are used to bring forth hemp paper and edifice stuffs. These fragments can besides be refined to do pigment, sealents, and many of our fuels, such as gas and wood coal ( ? Some? ) . The most noteworthy utilizations of hemp in the United States today can be seen in the vesture and beauty industries. There are several complete lines of personal attention merchandises presently available to consumers. Shampoo, conditioner, moisturizer, massage oil, and many others can be found utilizing hemp-seed oil. The key to this is the oils indispensable fatty acids, which, at first ring, sound like something you should remain off from but they are really effectual in tegument and hair attention and can be used as interventions for many topical diseases. There are besides many vesture lines adding hemp to their batting order: Adidas, Ralph Loren, and Calvin Klien are among the major distributers ( ? About? ) . Because of the workss long fibres the fabrics are long lasting and slice resistant. Hemp is besides an insular stuff, that is, it blocks 100 % of the Sun? s UV rays ( ? Endless? ) . The two merchandises that have non seen their possible are hemp fuel and hemp paper. Because of transporting costs of importing hemp the US has non yet introduced these merchandises to it? s consumers but with widespread cultivation these applications have the greatest potency. Fossil fuel is a unrenewable resource, of which the US has already exhausted over half of it? s militias. The reply, of class, is hemp. The US could prolong all it? s crude oil demands by denominating six per centum of it? s land mass to cultivating hemp as biomass. The fuel produced from the hemp? s biomass is about every bit efficient as dodo fuels in the refinement procedure while cutting pollution. When the fuel is burned the fuel gives off merely the CO2 it has taken from the air ensuing in a natural balance as opposed to the acid rain consequence of crude oil based fuel? s CO ( ? Hemp For? ) . Hemp paper may merely be the lone thing that can salvage our woods. 260 million dozenss of paper are consumed each twelvemonth, at this rate all our woods will be destroyed by 2020 ( ? Harnessing? ) . In fact we have destroyed 50 % of the universes woods in the last 50 old ages. The hemp industry could alone run into all of the fibre demands of the paper industry, and harvests can be renewed in 100 yearss in position of 100 old ages. The procedure to do hemp paper is even environmentally friendly, it consequences in merely 15 % of the pollutants and requires no bleach ( ? Achieving? ) . And because of hemp? s long fibres the paper produced is stronger and longer enduring. In fact hemp paperss have been discovered from Ancient China dating back every bit far as 8000 BC ( Nix 1 ) . Still, with the many known utilizations of hemp, there is a batch of opposition to re-legalizing the cultivation of hemp sativa L. All of the expostulations publically stated are based on marihuanas control. Legalization of hem falls in the DEA? s legal power as it has been wrongfully classified as a Agenda I controlled substance. It is the DEA? s sentiment that if hemp cultivation was legalized it would undermined the United State? s drug policy, directing the incorrect message to childs. The DEA office is besides concerned that henp could be used to camouflage illegal marihuanas harvests ( Stauber 4 ) . The concerns of DEA and other legislators could merely stem from one of two things: deficient information on the differences between hemp and marihuana or outside influence from crude oil and timber lobbyists. The hemp works, hemp sativa L, and marihuana, hemp sativa C, are specific workss in the hemp genus ( Hickey 1 ) . The obvious difference between the two is that hemp grows tall with wood-like chaffs with dark foliages while marihuana is shorter and dense, usually a much lighter green than the hemp works. The most important difference in current statute law is in THC ( THC ) degrees. Tetrahydrocannabinol is the psychotropic ingredient that gives the marihuana works it? s euphoric belongingss ( ? About? ) . Marijuana contains anyplace from 2 to 27 per centum Tetrahydrocannabinol while hemp contains merely.3 per centum ( ? Hemp Knowlwdge? ) . This in combination with the harsh fume of hemp prevents any usage of industrial hemp as a drug. When grown together the workss cross pollinate to weaken the hemp harvest and efficaciously cut down the THC in the marihuana. A hemp field would be the last pick of person seeking to turn marihuanas, non merely because of the THC loss but because of their different physical belongingss the lone disguise hemp provides is that of line of sight. With states around the universe raising thier ain industrial hemp prohibitions American husbandmans are shouting out for their piece of the pie. America? s hemp industry entirely yields $ 50 million per twelvemonth increasing each twelvemonth by 50 % , which is still limited by the monetary value of imports. Together with the fact that Canadian hemp agriculturists, although new to the industry, are sacking $ 200 per acre while American husbandmans are hardly doing $ 20 per acre on their hard currency harvests, it? s plenty to turn the caputs of the agribusiness industry. Farmers are imploring the authorities to Repeal limitations on the production of industrial hemp as an agricultural and industrial merchandise, ? as was Montana? s recommendation to Congress in House Act 2 ( ? Achieving? ) . Anyone who cares about the environment agrees with these husbandmans. It merely makes sense to take advantage of a harvest that has the possible to continue the environment while salvaging some American farms. ? About Hemp. ? NORML. 6 December 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.norml.org/facts/hemp.shtml gt ; ? Achieving a Sustainable Planet. ? Hemp Times. 2 Dec. 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hemptimes.com/library/ecology/index.tpl gt ; Brandl, Marc. ? A Turning Tendency: Hemp Legislation is the hot point these yearss in province legislatures. ? The Shore Journal 7 March 1999: 3. 6 Dec. 1999 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.shorejournal.com/9903/mab0307a.html gt ; ? Endless Variety Yet High Quality! ? Hemp Times. 2 Dec. 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hemptimes.com/library/industry/index.tpl gt ; Field, Joan S. ? Hemp: Income, Market Questions Remain. ? Agri-View. 1 Dec. 1995: 4. 3 Dec. 99. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.welcomehome.org/cohip/PAGES/IND_HEMP/NAIHF.HTM gt ; ? Get the Scoop. ? Kenex. 6 December 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kenex.org/hempfacts.shtml gt ; ? Harnessing Hemp. ? Agri-View. 3 Dec 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.welcomehome.org/cohip/PAGES/IND_HEMP/HARNESS.HTML gt ; ? Hemp for Fuel. ? Rev. of Energy Farming in America, by Lynn Osburn. Fornits. 3 Dec. 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fornits.com/curiosity/hemp/biomassa.html gt ; ? Hemp Knowledge. ? Hemp Times. 3 December 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hemptimes.com/library/knowledge/index.tpl gt ; Hickey, Joe. ? Kentucky Farmers File Suit Against Federal Government to Legalize Hemp. ? Hemp. June 1998: 2. 3 Dec. 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ndsn.org/MAYJUNE98/HEMP.html gt ; Nix, Steve. ? Pot for Paper. ? About.com. 3 Dec. 1999: 5. 6 Dec 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //forestry.about.com/education/forestry/library/weekly/aa101297.html gt ; ? Some Facts About Hemp. ? Xpoint. 3 Dec. 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.user.xpoint.at/r.fellner/hemp_e.html gt ; Stauber, Karl. ? Industrial Hemp and Other Alternative Crops for Small-scale Tobacco Producers. ? Agri-View. 1995: 4. 3 Dec. 1999. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.welcomehome.org/cohip/PAGES/IND_HEMP/USDA95.HTML gt ;